Reducing Overall Costs Through School And District...

As cuts to educational funding continue, the question of lowering overall costs through school and district consolidation emerges at all levels. Arguments for consolation, which merges districts and consolidates their management, rest primarily on two presumed benefits: (1) fiscal efficiency and (2) higher educational quality. However, a review of current research evidence suggests that after a century of consolidation, most fiscal or educational efficiencies have been realized by the system (Howley, Johnson Petric, 2011). Furthermore, mandated consolidation directives may actually lead to adverse impacts and, while serving a public relations purpose in a time of crisis, are unlikely to be a reliable way to obtain substantive fiscal or†¦show more content†¦With this, mandates and community desires place pressure on the allocation of personnel across the district. The economy of size allows larger districts to employ more specialized teachers, putting them in a better positi on to provide a wide range of courses required by state and federal mandates and expected by today’s students and parents. This ability allows for more individualized instruction – by age level, subject level, and level of ability. For example, hiring a full time instrumental music teacher, offering a wider variety of world language courses, or creating specialized special education centers. Personnel in larger systems also often enjoy improved professional development, increased salaries and benefits, and greater job security. With more colleagues, teachers in larger districts benefit from professional learning communities upon which to draw for advice and discussions, interactions that lead to improved effectiveness. Considerations Consolidation factors may also come at an expense. Fiscally, districts undergoing consolidation often face ongoing and preliminary transitional costs. Operating and capital expense often shift upward at the time of consolidation due to facilities adjustments and potential new construction. Additionally, average transportations distances increase, resulting in a rise in the district’s transportation spending per pupil. Personnel expense may also escalate due toShow MoreRelatedThe Property Assessment System2309 Words   |  10 Pagesresult in a reduction of $4.4 million dollars in overall county-wide costs. This reduction in costs would eliminate the 18 local assessment offices spread throughout Lake County and only provided for one assessment office in Waukegan. The initial study by Lake County contained factual errors, an underrepresentation of the personnel required and acknowledged that taxpayer access would be limited with fewer locations, but failed to include the additio nal costs of satellite locations in their study. ThisRead MoreRoad Transport11468 Words   |  46 PagesNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT POLICY Introduction 1.1 Road transport is vital to economic development, trade and social integration, which rely on the conveyance of both people and goods. Reduction in transport costs promote specialization, extend markets and thereby enable exploitation of the economies of scale. Global competition has made the existence of efficient transport and logistic systems in delivery chain an absolute imperative. 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CHAPTER ONE: 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Swire group. John Swire and sons Limited, with its headquarters in London is Swires’ Parent Company. John Swire sons limited through James Finlay, has substantialRead MoreBusiness Plan of Skytrails Airline, Ltd.14517 Words   |  59 Pagesserves the North Atlantic route from Stansted, SkyTrails will be uniquely positioned to take advantage of the unserved demand that exists. Stansted is the fastest growing airport in Europe with 9.9 million passengers for 1999.It is the hub of low cost airlines Go Fly, Ryanair, and Buzz, all of which are experiencing tremendous growth and an increase in business travellers. They claim that as many as 40 percent of their passengers are travelling on business. Stansted benefits from an Open SkiesRead MoreInformal Organization Marketing : Presentation3305 Words   |  14 Pagespublicizing in the space of web systems administration these real contemplations ought to be taken after. It is likely the fundamental promoting stage that stimulates nitwit confirmation correspondence and obligation among merchants and moreover buyers. Overall associations have seen Social Network Marketing as a potential showcasing stage, utilized them with improvements to control their advancing campaign with casual group publicizing. Casual group promoting uses internet organizing for doing the businessRead MoreUniqlo Annual Report21563 Words   |  87 Pagesanywhere, everyday. This basic concept has guided our actions since the birth of our very first store. When UNIQLO first opened its doors in a corner of a busy shopping district in central Hiroshima on June 2, 1984, it was six o’clock in the morning! The store opened early in the morning so that people could shop before going to work or school. To encourage people to drop in and browse around as they would in a bookshop or music store, we devised a store layout with the casual atmosphere of a warehouseRead MoreProject Report on Employee Attrition14600 Words   |  59 Pagesvaluable information provided by him on the current trends in the industry. I wish to thank our Principal Dr. N. S. Malavalli for his encouragement and support. Ponnappa I.S 5 CONTENT PAGES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ATTRITION? THE COST OF ATTRITION TRACKING ATTRITION CAUSES CURBING ATTRITION SUGGESTIONS IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE ATTRITION LOOPHOLES IN ATTRITION MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE ATTRITION MANAGEMENT ANNEXURE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-2 3-6 7-14 15-19 20-39 40-41 42-60 61-65 66-69 70-78 79-82Read MoreA Research On Social Network Marketing3376 Words   |  14 Pagespublicizing in the space of web systems administration these real contemplations ought to be taken after. It is likely the fundamental promoting stage that stimulates nitwit confirmation correspondence and obligation among merchants and moreover buyers. Overall associations have seen Social Network Marketing as a potential showcasing stage, utilized them with improvements to control their advancing campaign with casual group publicizing. (Sisira, 2011) Casual group promoting uses internet organizing forRead MoreChaos in the Skies5932 Words   |  24 Pages2002, p. 1A.1 1 A. Levin, M. Adams and B. Morrison, ‘Four hours of fear: decision-making in a crisis’, USA Today, 12 August 2002, p. 1A. This case study was written by Professor Gary J. Stockport and MBA student, Norman Roberts, Graduate School of Management, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. It is intended as a basis for classroom discussion and not as an illustration of either good or bad management. This case was prepared entirely from published sources.  © Gary J. Stockport

Literacy Through Math How Can This Be - 1784 Words

Literacy through math? How can this be? In my Webster’s New Dictionary, literacy is only defined as the ability to read and write. Reading is not exactly my cup of tea, so how can I write a paper about how literacy influenced me when I was not influenced by any kind of reading? Reading and math are like two completely different worlds. I have a dislike for the reading world, a dislike scarred in my memories by my earlier years of struggling from dyslexia. However, in the world of math, it is a fascinating celestial space that is full of fun and great potential to better myself. This special place was created by Cyberchase, a beloved childhood show I used to watch every day after I came home from school. I started watching this program around the time I began Kindergarten. Cyberchase has inspired me to have a strong enthusiasm in learning and to better myself by having a positive view on new challenges. Cyberchase is an educational show that focuses on mathematics and problem s olving skills in a fun and positive way to help kids understand math. In Cyberchase, a villain named Hacker, is on a mission to overthrow Motherboard, the ruler of Cyberspace, and take over with the help of his henchbots, Buzz and Delete. However, Motherboard enlists the help of three kids: Inez, Jackie and Matt to stop Hacker. The three kids use problem solving and try different solutions to solve the challenges they encounter, while saving Cyberspace from Hacker’s wrecking. After each animatedShow MoreRelatedLiteracy As A 21st Century Educator1604 Words   |  7 PagesWhen one hears the term literacy, the first thought that comes to mind is reading. However, literacy is so much more. It is in everything we do, from reading a book to getting from one location to another. We often do not realize how much literacy is in every aspect of our daily lives. As a math teacher, I chose to explore this concept as it relates to mathematics. I wanted to gain a general understanding of how literacy is intertwined in mathematics, from vocabulary to word problems. As a 21st centuryRead MoreScience, Math, And Music Centers1634 Words   |  7 Pages The three content areas that I will be focusing on is science, math, and music centers. The science to children is finding out about different things about the everyday world that is around the children. Science is an active open-ended search for children for new knowledge. The major goal is to foster and support the intellectual development that makes up a child’s preschool years. These developments include receptive and the child’s expressive language skills of the children, self-regulationRead MoreWhat Type Of Literacy Instruction Do You Use?1593 Words   |  7 PagesInterview Questions: 1. What type of literacy instruction do you use? Is it a specific program? 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However, due to a multitude of research on the subject, many have realized the real learning tool to place children on the face-track to success is by lettingRead MoreA Summary On Content Education1069 Words   |  5 PagesMcKnight, Katherine S. (2014) Common Core Literacy for Math, Math, and Technical Subjects: Strategies to Deepen Content Knowledge (grades 6-12) Ed.: 1. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2014 The schools improvement effort was changed in its instructional practices that aligned with literacy outlook, that would be effective in advancing student grades. This study present findings from an analysis of classroom instruction data collected in 200 classrooms in seven high poverty high school classroomsRead MoreLiteracy Is Important And High Impact On The Core Subjects793 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy has been shown to have an important and high impact on the core subjects. Literacy strategies are essential for teachers to use in the classroom. Students need a variety of literacy strategies in order for them to truly learn, understand, and apply the subject content. There has been countless research done on the impact that literacy has on the core subjects in elementary school, such as mathematics, science, and social studies. These studies range in perspectives by either focusing onRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Common Core1131 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   11/21/13 Argumentative Essay on Common Core â€Å"Without Common Core we (America) are not where we want or need to be.† The New York Times reported this in August, 2013. Currently, every state sets its own curriculum for its schools. 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Researchers found significant improvements in numeracy and literacy on average, with regional variations. Of four

Pharmacology and Pathophysiology

Questions: 1. Outline the mechanism of action of the drug on the body. How does the drug achieve a therapeutic effect? 2. How is the therapeutic effect monitored? 3. What are the optimal value ranges for these measures? 4. There is a long list of drug interactions given for warfarin. What are the three main reasons for the length of this list? 5. A person known to have coeliac disease is noted to be vitamin K deficient. If prescribed warfarin, how would this influence the therapeutic effect of the drug? 6. How does liver disease impact the therapeutic effect of warfarin? Would the dose need to be increased or decreased? 7. The Full Product Information Sheet (PI) indicates elderly patients who have experienced falls should only be prescribed this drug with caution. What is the rationale for this warning? 8. Pregnancy is a contraindication for the prescribing of warfarin. Explain the rationale for this contraindication? 9. A person is prescribed an antimicrobial drug from the cephalosporin drug group. This person has been taking warfarin for the last 6 months. Why might this prove problematic? 10. A person who is heterozygous for the CYP2C9*2 allele is prescribed warfarin. Outline why knowing this piece of information may be helpful in this persons care? 11. Warfarin is contraindicated in those with severe uncontrolled hypertension. Outline the rationale for this contraindication? Answers: 1.Warfarin is a drug used as a blood thinner for treating blood clots like pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis for the prevention of stroke in people who have artificial heart valves, valvular heart disease or atrial fibrillation. It acts as a vitamin K antagonist. Warfarin also prevents recurrent transient ischemic attacks and reduces the chances of recurrent myocardial infarction. The common route of administration is oral; however, it may also be injected into the veins. Warfarin is a monomer as there is no effect on the viscosity of blood. The drug acts by inhibiting the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X that is dependent on Vitamin-K. The clotting factors are highly calcium-dependent and biologically active. Warfarin is also responsible for inhibiting the synthesis of regulatory factors protein C, protein S and protein Z. However, the impact may also be on other proteins that do not have any involvement in the process of blood clotting, like matrix Gla prot ein and osteocalcin. The precursors of the clotting factors need gamma carboxylation of the glutamic acid residues in order to let the coagulation factors bind to the phospholipid surfaces of the inner side of blood vessels. Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme is responsible for the carboxylation reaction of the glutamic acid. This reaction is only allowed in case the carboxylase enzyme can bring about the conversion of reduced form of vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide simultaneously. The enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) then gives rise to vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone from vitamin K epoxide through a recycling process. The drug is responsible for inhibiting epoxide reductase that subsequently diminishes the amount of available vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in the tissues. The carboxylation activity is thereby exhibited by the glutamyl carboxylase. At this time the coagulation factors are not carboxylated at glutamic acid residues. As a result the binding to the en dothelial surface of blood vessels is not fostered. The coagulation factors, therefore, become biologically inactive. The existing active factors degrade soon over the next few days, and the inactive factors replace them. The anticoagulation effect is, therefore, apparent. The factors have reduced functionality as a result of undercarboxylation. The end result is diminished blood clotting in the body of the patient (Satoskar et al., 2015). The initial phase of warfarin therapy may be challenging as the pharmacodynamic response is difficult for prediction. Since the half-life of prothrombin is 50 hours, the initial doses may have limited value. During the initial phase of warfarin application, clot formation may be promoted temporarily. The reason is that the activity of vitamin K influences the level of protein S and protein C. The action leads to a decline in the levels of protein C in the first 36 hours. In addition, reduction in the level of protein S causes a reduction in protein C activity. With administration of warfarin rapidly at a dose of more than 5 mg in a day, an anticoagulant heparin is to be administered (Andersson 2014). 2. The goal of therapy with warfarin is to bring a reduction in the tendency to clot but not to prevent complete clotting of blood. Thus, the clotting ability of the blood in a patient is to be monitored carefully when warfarin is administred to a patient. Warfarin dose is adjusted for maintaining suitably the clotting time within range. Twp periodic tests can be conducted for this purpose- Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalised ratio (INR). Prothrombin time (PT)- this particular test is used for the measurement of the impact of warfarin. The test is performed in the laboratory for measuring the time taken for clot formation. It is sensitive to the clotting factors upon which warfarin makes an effect. The test is also carried out for computing the measure used for adjusting the dose of warfarin, called the international normalised ratio (INR). An administration of a lowest effective dose of the drug for maintaining the target international normalised ratio is the target in warfarin therapy. International Normalised Ratio (INR)- INR is a means of expressing the PT is a standard way through comparison with a reference value. The purpose is to make sure that the results received from different laboratories can be compared effectively (Lehne Rosenthal, 2014). 3.The measurement of PT is done in seconds. The result of PT is given in terms of INR. If a person is not taking warfarin or any other blood thining drug, the normal range of PT is 11 to 13.5 seconds, and the nomal range of INR is 0.8 to 1.1. In case a person is taking warfarin the INR has to be between 2.0 and 3.0 (Reznik et al., 2016). 4. 1. There is a high chance of interference with platelet function 2. Injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa is common 3. Interference with warfarin metabolism, predominantly by CYP2C9 inhibitors or inducers, is found to take place frequently (Scheife et al., 2015). 5. Celiac disease is a form of malabsorption. If a person having such disease is a deficit in vitamin K and warfarin is administred, the therapeutic effect of the drug would increase. Excessive anticoagulation would take place with warfarin administration (Pietzak, 2014). 6. Anticoagulants like Warfarin are basically metabolised by the liver. Patients who suffer from liver diseases that is hepatic impairment, have a heightened response to the medication as a result of decreased clearance of the drug and defective hemostasis related to impaired clotting factor synthesis taking place in the liver. The use of warfarin is contradicted in patients with liver disease also due to vitamin k deficiency and abnormalities in the function of the fibrinogen and platelets. Therapy is to be administred with caution for such patients. The dose needs to be decreased. The INR is to be monitored well, and side effects are to be reported promptly (Brenner Stevens, 2013). 7. Since warfarins application is through the prevention of blood clots, older patients who have a tendency to suffer falls and get cuts and bruises must avoid the medication, or it must be prescribed with caution. Improper use of warfarin may lead to unnecessary prevention of blood clot in case of injuries suffered due to falls (Coleman et al., 2016). 8. Warfarin is contraindicated in pregnant women as the medication can lead to fetal harm. Exposure to the medicine during thee first trimester of pregnancy is a reason for patterns of congenital malformation. Warfarin can cross the placenta and lead to fetal bleeding as well as teratogenecity. Maternal complications are also marked as a use of warfarin during pregnancy. Major bleeding takes place in case of a patient who is treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy. Herapin-induced thrombocytopenia is another major complication suffered by pregnant women as a result of using warfarin. Considerable reduction in the density of bonnes is also a negative impact on the womens body. 9. Cephalosporins have the tendency to increase the impact of the drug Warfarin through the inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors production. The INR therefore increases due to the interference between the antimicrobial agent and the anticoagulant (Herz, 2011). 10. The CYP2C9 genotype is used for determining the optimal starting dose of warfarin. This particular gene encodes an important enzyme that is related to warfarin metabolism. Patients who have at least one copy of such gene have reduced metabolism and a higher concentration of warfarin (Brenner Stevens 2013). 11. Warfarin increases blood pressure by preventing clotting and thinning the blood present in the body. Severe hypertension contradicts the use of warfarin (Herz, 2011). References Andersson, K. E. (2014). Relevant Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology. InBladder Dysfunction in the Adult(pp. 3-18). Springer New York. Brenner, G. Stevens, C. (2013).Pharmacology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Coleman, J., Baldawi, M., Heidt, D. (2016). The effect anticoagulation status on geriatric fall trauma patients.The American Journal of Surgery,212(6), 1237-1242. Herz, C. (2011).Pharmacology. 1st ed. Las Vegas, NV: AmazonEncore. Lehne, R. A., Rosenthal, L. (2014).Pharmacology for nursing care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Pietzak, M. M. (2014). Dietary Supplements in Celiac Disease. InCeliac Disease(pp. 137-159). Springer New York. Reznik, J., Keren, O., Morris, J., Biran, I. (Eds.). (2016).Pharmacology Handbook for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences. Satoskar, R. S., Rege, N., Bhandarkar, S. D. (2015).Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. Elsevier Health Sciences. Scheife, R. T., Hines, L. E., Boyce, R. D., Chung, S. P., Momper, J. D., Sommer, C. D., ... Jones, G. (2015). Consensus recommendations for systematic evaluation of drugdrug interaction evidence for clinical decision support.Drug safety,38(2), 197-206.

The Scarlet Letter-Arthur Dimmesdale Essays - English-language Films

The Scarlet Letter-Arthur Dimmesdale Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, a main character in Nathaniel Hawthornes novel The Scarlet Letter, proves to be a sinner against man, against God and most importantly against himself because he has committed adultery with Hester Prynne, resulting in an illegitimate child, Pearl. His sinning against himself, for which he ultimately paid the price of death, proved to be more harmful and more destructive than this sin of the flesh, and his sin against God. Socrates said, Know thyself, and Shakespeare said, To thine own self be true. If Reverend Dimmesdale had been true to himself he certainly wouldnt have suffered as much as he did. What drove Dimmesdale to hold in his self-condemning truth? To answer this, its necessary to examine the whole character of Reverend Dimmesdale while explaining his sinful situation. Dimmesdale is not ignorant, he is very well educated. As Hawthorne states, Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale; a young clergyman who had come from one of the great English universities, bringing all the learning of the age into our wild forestland. His eloquence and religious fervor had already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession. (Hawthorne 72) This mans morals had, until the adultery, been high. He is very spiritual because on top of being of the Puritan faith, he is a minister of the word of God. Throughout most of the novel, Rev. Dimmesdale is forced to hide his guilt of being Hesters partner in sin. When in reality, he is not being forced by anyone, but himself, for he is the one who chooses not to reveal his secret to the town. Dimmesdalehas a concealed sin that is, eating at him. He just doesnt have the courage to admit his wrongs. He seems to be a coward during these seven years of living with guilt. There is a scene in chapter 3 where Rev. Dimmesdale states, Hester PrynneIf thou feelest it to be for thy souls peace, and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow sinner and fellow- sufferer! Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him; for, believe me, Hester, though he were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty heart through life? What can thy silence do for him, except it tempt him-yea compel him as it were-to add hypocrisy to sin? (73) In this scene it is almost as if we see Dimmesdale speaking as a hypocrite, himself! Dimmesdale portrays himself very ironically. He is a very well respected reverend and yet, has, for the last 7 years, worked on preaching the word of God, especially while he urges the congregation to confess openly to repent unto God. While, in reality, Dimmesdale is the one whoneeds a clean conscious. He feels like he needs to confess not only to the town but also too himself. Halfway through the novel Dimmesdale has yet to reveal the truth, which, so far, has been devouring him, physically and mentally. Since this good reverend is so spiritual, he cannot reveal his truths to the town so simply. He is of the Puritan faith and being a follower of that, the sin of adultery is a very grand sin. The whole town would look down on him as if he were a hypocrite. Which in fact, he is, but his sin of adultery in that town would have been scoffed at just as Hesters has. The reverend is so well liked by the townsfolk that Hawthorne states, They fancied him the mouthpiece of Heavens messages of wisdom, rebuke, and love. In their eyes, the very ground on which he trod was sanctified. ( 139 ) How else can the reverend live without revealing his identity? He has been doing it for seven years, and it must be hard for him, mentally and physically. Mentally, his whole body shuts down because he cannot take it anymore, even though he does not give in to confess yet. He has become emaciated because he has let the sin against himself churn inside and on the